|
Millennium of Music
Music Lists # 10-13 & #10-14
Jerusalem
Note: All of the music for these programs comes from the book and two-CD boxed set Jerusalem--City of Two Peaces: Heavenly Peace and Earthly Peace, with Jordi Savall and his ensembles Hesperion XXI, La Capella Reial de Catalunya with Montserrat Figueras, and Al Darwish. It is on the Alia Vox label, and is catalogue number AVSAM9863. Below, aside from the music list, is an excellent description of the project by Lewis Gropp.
|
|
Jerusalem is a central point of reference for Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Pictured: the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount, an Islamic shrine constructed over the site of the Second Jewish Temple. |
The city of Jerusalem is a central point of reference for the three great monotheist faiths. King David made the city the political and religious capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah, thus creating a centre of Judaism within and beyond the country. Jerusalem is a holy city for Christians as the place of Jesus of Nazareth’s passion, crucifixion and resurrection. It was here too that the first community of early Christians proclaimed their religion.
And for Muslims, the city is traditionally the third most holy in Islam after Mecca and Medina. Before they prayed facing the Kaaba in Mecca, Muslims even directed their prayers towards Jerusalem for around a year.
Bearing the seed of peace in its name
In the course of its approximately 4000-year history, the city has been destroyed, looted and pillaged some 40 times. Today’s Jerusalem is a symbol of the irreconcilability of opposing peoples and contradicting claims to religious influence. And yet this city bears the seed of peace in its name.
| The Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem was established in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted from 1099 until 1291. Pictured: Hartmann Schedel’s woodcut ‘Hierosolima’ (Jerusalem), Nuremberg, 1493 |
|
 |
The Hebrew word Jerusalem can be interpreted to mean "city of two peaces," referring to the earthly and heavenly peace heralded by the Old Testament prophets. The etymologically observant will recognise the Hebrew shalom in the name – and thus also the related Arabic salaam.
Starting from this idea, the specialists in early music Jordi Savall and Montserrat Figueras have produced an unusual musical project – Jérsualem: La Ville des deux Paix. On this double album, the two of them explore musical traditions from Jerusalem’s various epochs: the Jewish, the Christian, the Arabic and the Ottoman eras. A 400-page book detailing the historical and musical background accompanies the CDs; all texts are printed in English, Arabic, Hebrew, French, Spanish, Catalan, German and Italian.
Bringing together Jewish, Muslim and Christian musicians
For the dialogue-centred Jerusalem project, Jordi Savall and Montserrat Figueras – UNESCO Artists for Peace in 2008 – brought together Jewish, Muslim and Christian musicians from all the countries that have left traces on Jerusalem’s musical traditions over the centuries: Israel, Palestine, Greece, Syria, Armenia, Turkey, England, France, Spain and Italy.
|
|
“Music,” writes Jordi Savall of the project, “becomes the indispensable means of achieving a genuine intercultural dialogue.” |
The section on the “Jewish city” begins with its foundation and ends with the destruction of the Temple in the year 70 CE. It is presented through a selection of the most beautiful psalms of King David as preserved in the ancient tradition of the Jews of southern Morocco, along with a piece on Rabbi Akiba, one of the most important fathers of rabbinical Judaism.
The Christian chapter embarks with the arrival of Queen Helena in the year 326 and ends in 1244. It opens with a Stavrotheotokia, a dark, meditative hymn to the Virgin Mary attributed to Emperor Leo VI (886-912). The following piece is Pope Urban II’s First call to the Crusade (1095), recited in French to the sound of fanfares and military drums. The chapter closes with a quiet, humble improvisation on the hymn Pax in nomine Domini (“Peace in the name of the Lord!”).
This final piece in the section recalls the Battle of Gaza, where the Egyptian Ayyubids inflicted a painful defeat upon the crusaders and their Syrian allies in 1244. The astutely compiled album is a musical reflection of the cornerstones in the history of the Holy Land.
Among other pieces, a sung version of Sura 17 of the Qur’an, describing the Prophet Mohammed’s ascent to heaven from the Temple Mount, presents Jerusalem as an Arabic city (1244-1516).
“An astutely compiled mosaic of cultures”: Jerusalèm – ville des deux paix |
|
 |
Now almost forgotten, Jerusalem’s Ottoman period lasted precisely 400 years – from 1517 to 1917. The album includes a retelling of Süleyman the Magnificent’s dream, recited in Turkish to the strings of an oud, and a triumphant Ottoman warrior’s march from the 16th century – albeit performed in a cultivated style of high musicality and tonal refinement.
The chapter on the “city of pilgrimage” also bears testimony to all three monotheist religions. The opening piece gives us Ibn Battuta, the eminent Moroccan traveller and scholar (ca. 1304-1377), enthusing over the legendary beauty of the gold-crowned Dome of the Rock. The team have also set texts by Jehuda ben Shmuel ha-Levi to music, the Sephardic rabbi, doctor, philosopher and poet from Saragossa in Muslim Spain. Alfonso X, called “Alfonso the Wise”, the king of Castile and León (1221-1284), is also represented with a piece from the largest collection of medieval songs, the Cantiga de Santa María.
A devastating musical document
The album’s most dramatic document is a historic recording by Shlomo Katz, a Jew of Romanian origin. Before Katz was to be executed in Auschwitz in 1941 he asked for permission to sing the hymn El male rahamim (God full of compassion). Deeply moved by the magnificence, emotional depth and intensity of the music, the Nazi officer on duty allowed Shlomo Katz to escape. In 1950 Katz recorded the song as a lasting testament and hymn to the victims of Auschwitz. Exuding a moving sense of tragedy and grace in itself, the piece becomes a devastating musical document in the knowledge of its history.
Jordi Savall’s and Montserrat Figueras’ “Jérusalem: La Ville des deux Paix” is an astutely compiled mosaic of cultures. Every song, every set of lyrics forms a possible starting point for exploring the dramatic and chequered history of the medieval Occident and Orient and the points they have in common. “Music,” writes Jordi Savall of the project, “becomes the indispensable means of achieving a genuine intercultural dialogue between human beings from very different nations and religions, but who nevertheless share a common language of music, spirituality and beauty.”
--Lewis Gropp
CD1
1 Fanfare of Jericho, 1200 B.C.E.
The Trumpets of Jericho
I Celestial Peace : Prophecies of the Apocalypse and the Last Judgement
2 Prophecies of the Sibyls (III cen. B.C.E.)
Text Greek, from Jewish sources; Aramaic music
3 Introduction
4 The Qu'ran : Bismi Allah ar Rahman (VII cen.)
- Fatihah Sourate I, 2-7. Sufi Source
5 Postlude
6 Apocalypse VI, 12-3 Audi pontus (XII cen.)
from the Cathar Apocalypse of Pseudo-John V, 4 (mss. Las Huelgas)
7 Postlude
II Jerusalem, Jewish City, 1004 B.C.E. - 70 C.E.
King David makes Jerusalem the royal capital of unified Judea and Israel
8 The Shofar Sounds
9 Prayer for Jerusalem – Psaume 121
10 Instrumental Dance
Liberation of the city by the Maccabees, 164 C.E.
11 The Peace of Jerusalem (Psalm 122) - Psalms of David
12 Rabbi Aquiba journeys to Jerusalem - Talmud, Makkot 24b. Text recited in Hebrew
13 Song of the Exile (Psalm 137, 1-6). Destruction of the Temple and Diaspora, 70 C.E..
14 Instrumental lament
III Jerusalem, Christian City, 326 - 1244
Queen Helena, mother of Constantine comes to Jerusalem, 326
15 Stavrotheotokia (Planctus of the Virgin) -attributed to Emperor Leo VI, (886-912)
16 Fanfare « Pax in nomine Domini »
17 First decree of Pope Urbain II for the Crusade, 1095
18 Song of the Crusade : Pax in nomine Domini
Marcabru (1100-1150) - 1st Crusade
19 Song of the Crusade: Chevalier, mult estes guaritz, 1146. Anon. XII cen. - Second Crusade
20 Conductus : O totius Asie Gloria, Regis Alexandria Filia - Anon. (c. XIII)
(France; StV 2, 4, f. 266 r.)
21 Planctus « Pax in nomine Domini »
The crusaders lose Jerusalem to the hands of Saladin, 1187
IVa Jerusalem, City of Pilgrims, 383 - 1326
22 Temple of the Dome of the rock- Ibn Battuta (1304-ca.1377)
23 Sionide : Yefe Nof - Beautiful City, Joy of the Universe - Judah Halévy (1075-1141)
CD 2
IVb Jerusalem, City of Pilgrims
1 Cantiga de Santa Maria : O ffondo do mar tan chao
Alphonso X "el Sabio" (1121-1284) CSM383
V Jerusalem, Arab and Ottoman City, 1244-1917
Arab City, 1244 - 1516
2 Prelude
3 The Qu'ran - Sourate XVII, 1 -
Mohammed ascends to heaven from the Dome of the Rock
4 Dance of Soma
5 Sallatu Allah - Traditional Arabic
Ottoman City, 1517 - 1917
6 Makam Uzäl Sakil “Turna”
Mss. Ottoman from Kantemiroglu (XVIIe siècle)
7 The Dream of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520
Ottoman Legend, recited in Turkish
8 War march – Anon. Ottoman (Version musicale D. Psonis)
Ottoman conquest of Jerusalem, 1517
VI Jerusalem, Land of Asylum and of Exile, XV - XX centuries
9 Palestina hermoza y Santa – Traditional Sephardic, Sarajevo
10 Plainte Palestine – Traditional from Palestine
11 Andouni Armenian lament – Traditional Armenian
12 El male rahamim (Hymn for the dead of Auschwitz), 1941
Shlomo Katz (Enregistrement historique, 1950)
13 Funeral March
VII Peace on Earth : a hope and a wish
Voices of Peace
14 Dialogue instrumental
15 Voices of Peace in Arabic
16 Voices of peace in Hebrew: Adonay
17 Voices of Peace in Armenian
18 Voices of Peace in Latin Da Pacem (grégorien)
Dialogue of Songs
(anonymous melody transmitted orally)
19 Apo xeno meros (Greek)
20 Ghazal (Arabic)
21 Ghazal (Hebrew)
22 Ghazal (Palestine)
23 Siente Hermosa (Ladino)
24 Apo xeno meros (Greek)
25 Durme, hermoza donzella (Ladino)
26 Ghazal (Arabic, Greek, Hebrew)
27 Ghazal (instrumental, Moroccan version)
28 Ensemble Final (tutti)
29 Final fanfare “Against the barriers of the Spirit”
Jordi Savall, 2008
|
